American Agriculture, Backbone of its Economy

Since its beginnings as a country, the United States’ founding fathers promoted a republic based on the ideals of agrarians. They considered agriculture​ as the foundation of their economy. Agriculture constitutes the backbone of the American economy, and every State contributes to the mosaic of the production of national food in a​ different manner. From the vast wheat fields of the Midwest to the wide variety of fruits and vegetables grown​ in the fertile California valleys, practices and agricultural production vary widely in the United States (Texas Real Food). The United States has become one of the leading producers and suppliers of farmers in the world due to its natural resources and land conditions (Statista). However, their dependence on food supply from various parts of the world has caused a setback in their leadership as the leading food supplier​​ in the world. This added to the war in China’s trade, which intensified when they applied tariffs on products from Americans, introducing measures of unprecedented protectionism unseen before the opening of global trade in the late 1990s and 1980s.

Republicanism​ Agrarian in the USA​

During the formation of the United States, the leaders Americans believed that establishing an economic policy of republicanism was essential to maintain the virtue​ of citizens. The reflections about the American farmers played a central role in the definition of the new State, with the implications of agriculture for the configuration of politics and governance republican, its relations with the tax system, manufacturing, trade, and foreign policy, serving as a starting point for projects that aim to set no only the economic base of the United States but also his dimension politics and morality. The definition of the Republic was a crucial issue in the debate between the founders of the United States, highlighting the figures of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, who promoted a Republic based on the ideals of rural, considering agriculture​ as the foundation of economics and essential for a virtuous citizen. This ideal, which exalted the farmers as independent guardians of morality Republicans, was vehemently opposed to the policies of the Federalists, especially those of Alexander Hamilton. As the first Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton proposed strengthening the State’s role in the economy through a complex tax system, public debt accumulation, and the promotion of manufacturing and commerce, looking to Great Britain as a model. The Jeffersonians were opposed radically, arguing that these policies favored the interests trade from the North disproportionately, harming the rural South and betraying the beginning Republicans by promoting luxury and moral decadence, distancing society from the values of agrarians. This debate transcended the political and economic, reflecting a deep division between philosophical and ethical concerns about the identity and future of the nation, between being a republic of virtuous citizens and a robust commercial and industrial one. This ideological dispute still influences political debates in the United States, marking the character as national since its beginnings (Simal). That is, the United States believed that establishing an economic policy of republicanism was essential to maintain the virtue​ of citizens. The reflections about American agriculture played a central role in defining the new State. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison promoted a Republic based on the ideals of agrarians. Alexander Hamilton proposed strengthening the State’s role in the economy through a complex tax system and​ promotion of manufacturing and commerce. This debate reflects a deep division of philosophy and morals about the identity and future of the nation.

The USDA had a role in educating​ farmers and conducting research​ on agriculture, which was crucial to transforming the American panorama of subsistence farming to an agricultural sector that is further commercial and globally competitive. (Barycki). This means that the Department of Agriculture of the United States (USDA) was established in 1862 during the presidency of Abraham Lincoln, with the primary objective of supporting communities’ agriculture in fast expansion. Your first efforts focused on collecting agricultural statistics, studying plant and animal diseases, and examining soil composition to improve agricultural productivity. Thus, the USDA became crucial in agricultural Americans’ politics, research, and​ development. The Agriculture United States increased agricultural performance, established scientific and systematic approaches, and has a vital role in education and research.

Agriculture in the U.S.​

The United States, attributed to its natural resources and land conditions, has become one of the world’s leading producers and suppliers of farmers. In 2021, the contribution of national farms of the country was approximately 165,000 million dollars, equivalent​ to about 1% of the US Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The sector employed about 877,000 people, the largest of them dedicated to tasks related to crops, nurseries, and greenhouses. By 2031, this sector’s number of employees is estimated to increase to 884,000. The crop area has decreased​ by almost 50 million acres in four decades, reaching 893.4 million in 2022. This has not been translated into a decrease in the costs linked to agrarian activities but as a consequence of technological advances applied to improve the productive capacity of farms (Statista). This means that the leadership at the level of America’s global agriculture depends on its natural resources and the conditions of its land. In 2021, farms contributed 165 million dollars, equivalent to 1% of the Gross Domestic Product of the United States, and employment to 877,000 people, especially in crops, nurseries, and greenhouses. The sector is expected to grow to 884,000 people in 2031. However, the cultivated area decreased by approximately 50 million acres in four decades.

The total value of exported agricultural products of the United States from 2012 to 2023 ( in billions of dollars )

Source: Statista

According to Nelson Illescas, in his book Geopolitics of Food, says that the United States is the largest producer in the world in a wide product range​ of crops, such as soybeans, corn, beef, and poultry, and occupies third place in pork and cotton.​ In this way, the evolution of its production considerably influences the prices of many products. Despite having a crucial internal market, much of the agricultural activity is very export-oriented,​ particularly products such as soybeans, corn, wheat, cotton, and chickens, resulting in the main exporter world of most of them (qtd. in TeseoPress ). This means that the United States is the leading producer of products agricultural products, including soybeans, corn, beef, poultry, pork, and cotton. The evolution of his production has had a considerable influence on the prices of many products. Despite having a crucial internal market, many​​ activities in the agricultural sector are export-oriented, with soybeans, corn, wheat, cotton, and chickens being the leading exporters.

The Farm Bill

The Farm Bill is a package of legislation approved approximately a time every five years and has a significant impact on agriculture. Includes crop insurance programs for farmers and access​​ to healthy food for low-income families. Laws​ were enacted in three stages during the 1930s as​ part of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal legislation. His original goals were to keep prices fair for the farmers and consumers, guarantee adequate food products, sustain​ the country’s vital natural resources, and respond to the economic and environmental crises of the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl. The current law, Improvement Law Agricultural of 2018, was enacted in December 2018 and expires in 2023. The current food and agricultural system faces challenges. Still, through the action​ of citizens and interested parties, we can achieve the vitality and productivity of our agriculture, economy, and communities for generations coming (National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition). 

This means the Farm Bill is approved every five years and significantly impacts agriculture. Includes crop insurance programs for farmers and access​​ to healthy food for low-income families. Laws​ originally formed part of Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal in 1930, aiming to maintain prices fair, guarantee adequate food supply, protect and sustain​ the country’s natural resources, and respond to the economic and environmental crises of the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl. The current Improvement Law Agricultural, enacted in December 2018, aims to achieve the vitality and productivity of agriculture, the economy, and communities for generations in the future through the action​​ of citizens and​ interest groups.​

California Agricultural Power

California is an essential power in agriculture and benefits from its combination of fertile floors, microclimates, and practices agricultural innovative. The extensive state agriculture industry feeds the nation and provides a substantial portion of the world’s vegetables and fruits. For example, California’s diverse spans, from cold and misty coasts to dried valleys, offer various farming opportunities.​ The geography of the State extends from the fertile Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys in the Central Valley to the varied northern and southern climates.​ This diversity facilitates the growth of various crops in different specialized agriculture regions. The climate and​ resources of water also play an essential role in agriculture, and the regions experience conditions varied, from temperate climates to warm. Innovative water conservation measures are necessary for recurring droughts, and California’s water scarcity is a fundamental problem. California is the leader in the production of various fruits, vegetables, and nuts, as well as dairy and wine. The farm’s Organic crops are an integral part of California agriculture, with a strong emphasis on fruits and vegetables that are organic, practical, and sustainable, focused on soil health, water use reduction, and ecological conservation. Sustainable farms include crop rotation, natural pest control, and minimum tillage (Texas Real Food). This means that California, as an essential agricultural power, benefits from its combination of fertile floors, microclimates, and practices of agricultural innovation. The State’s extensive agricultural industry feeds the nation and​ provides a substantial portion of the world’s vegetables and fruits.

Kansas Connection of the State with the Earth and its Agricultural Heritage

Kansas’s agriculture sector stands out because of its deep connection to the land and the perpetuation of its legacy agriculture. Evolving from traditional methods until​ the use of technology advanced, Kansas leads in the production of wheat, grain sorghum, and beef, with notable growth in dairy and industry livestock,​ Benefited by conditions agronomic favorable, such as varied floors and a climate that facilitates diverse crops, agriculture In Kansas it is more than a job; It is a lifestyle that intertwines tradition with innovation. Farmers, both veterans and rookies, face challenges that demand careful planning and adaptation to ensure sustainability and profitability​ in the sector. The diversity of climates and soils in Kansas, from semiarid central suitable for wheat and cereals to more fertile lands with older precipitations, sustains productive agriculture. This State, known As the​ State of Wheat “, leads national wheat production with more than 23% and grain sorghum with almost 64 %. Although soybeans are also a significant crop, does not dominate. Furthermore, livestock is essential, especially in beef production and​​​ the growing dairy sector, contributing considerably to the Kansas Farm economy (Texas Real Food). This is to say that the Kansas agricultural sector is known for its deep connection to the land and the preservation of its legacy agriculture. The State leads the production of wheat, grain sorghum, and beef, with notable growth in the dairy and livestock industry.

South Dakota American Agricultural Heritage

South Dakota, known for its rich agricultural heritage, is a testimony to the evolution of agriculture in the USA. With more than 29,000 farms and ranches spanning More than 43 million acres, agriculture is the backbone of the local economy, and the farmers participate in producing various crops such as soybeans, corn, wheat, and sunflowers. Strength​ State Agricultural​ is endorsed by research and extension services, such as those offered by South Dakota State University (SDSU), which provide information about crop management and fertilizer recommendations.​​ These resources adapt to conditions​ unique to the climate and soil, allowing the farmers to Optimize their practices. The movement for local food has reinforced the community’s commitment to agriculture, with initiatives to promote the exchange of knowledge and establish strong networks between farmers and food enthusiasts ( Texas Real Food). This means that South Dakota is a grand heritage agricultural in the United States and a backbone of the local economy. With 29,000 farms and ranches, they encompass more than 43 million acres. South Dakota State University (SDSU) offers research and extension services, providing​ information essential about crops and fertilizer recommendations.​ These resources adapt to the conditions unique to the climate and soil, optimizing their practices.

Idaho Potato Production Leader

Idaho’s agriculture sector contributes significantly to the economy of the State and the USA. The State is the leader in potato production and supplies almost a third of the country’s potatoes. Idaho barns produce​ a variety of crops and grow in vast agricultural lands, covering millions of acres in the State. The agricultural panorama of Idaho is diverse, from urban operations to large companies oriented to business. State agriculture​​ has a long history, allowing people​ to produce food and develop diverse companies commercially. The constant growth in poultry, pig farming, and livestock​ areas highlights Idaho agriculture’s adaptability and breadth. The State offers educational and learning resources to guide new and established farmers toward a career in agriculture. Education programs for children​​ Farmers aim to provide knowledge about comprehensive farm planning, nutrition poultry, housing, and meat processing, emphasizing the combination of productive skills and vision business. Idaho is known for its potato production, representing approximately one-third of the State’s agricultural production. The State also uses its agricultural land to grow other crops, such as wheat and barley, adding variety to the State’s agricultural production. Beans are another crop essential that enriches the Idaho tapestry, ensuring its position among​ leading producers in multiple products basics. Idaho has approximately 25,000 hectares of agricultural land, which has been managed and cultivated successfully with irrigation systems​ and appropriate climatic conditions. The operations The State’s farms number around 25,000, with more than 30,000 acres dedicated to potato cultivation (Texas Real Food). This wants to say that Idaho is the state leader in potato production, supplying almost a third of the country’s potatoes. Idaho farmers produce​ a variety of crops and grow in vast agricultural lands, covering millions of acres in the State. Idaho, the state leader in potato production, supplies almost a third of the country’s potatoes, with farmers cultivating million acres in the entire State.

Texas Agricultural Overview

Texas leads everyone​ in the rest of the states in several farms and ranches. While the​ main crops in Texas are cotton, corn, grains, fodder crops (sorghum, milo, etc.), rice, and wheat, there is still an abundance of other ways of farming here, from peanuts and sunflowers to sugar cane and more. A wide variety of vegetable fields can be found in the Rio Grande Valley at almost all times of the year. Texas has a diverse agricultural sector, from livestock to crop production.​​ Future farmers must conduct an exhaustive investigation into the type of agriculture that aligns with their interests and market demands. The regulations also play a crucial role; grasping the necessary permissions and licenses is essential. Collaborating with the farmers, ranchers coordinators, and USDA beginners can provide orientation about compliance and management of agricultural success.

In Texas, farmers are adopting modern technologies such as precision agriculture to improve crop production and prioritize sustainability.​​​​ They use GPS technology and sensors to collect data in real-time about the soil, the health of the crops, and the climate, which allows further resource efficiency and reduces​ environmental impact. Furthermore, farmers are turning to aquaponics and hydroponics as sustainable solutions for water scarcity and soil degradation.​ Aquaponics​ combines fish farming with hydroponics, recycling the waste of the fish to provide nutrients to plants. On the other side, hydroponics implies plant cultivation​ in a solution Soilless Nutrient (Texas Real Food). This means that to ensure long-term resilience, farms in Texas must diversify their income sources and adopt​ sustainable practices such as water conservation and organic agriculture. The education constant is critical, and local extension programs for agriculture and participation in the community offer learning and mentoring opportunities.​ Succession planning is essential to ensure business continuity​​​, including legal, financial, and training aspects for​ possible successors. In summary, the farmers in Texas are betting on innovation, sustainability, and long-term planning to ensure the prosperity and resilience of their agricultural farms.

Illinois, Grain and Oilseed Producer

US state leader is known for its delicious agricultural tradition and favorable climate. As one of the main contributors to the production of agricultural country, Illinois focuses on cereals and seeds oilseeds, mainly corn and soybeans. Illinois is the nation’s largest ethanol producer, with over 90% of its agricultural land cultivated in the last decades. With 274 million bushels of corn assigned annually for ethanol production, Illinois contributes significantly to sustainable energy sources​ . The State’s farmers balance modern agricultural practices with organic and sustainable initiatives, demonstrating an approach dynamic that satisfies the various market demands. Illinois’ agricultural sector is a vital part of the United States economy. Illinois Farm Bureau and University of Illinois Extension Help farmers and ranchers in the research, education, and support process, helping to navigate the complexities of the world agricultural modern. This infrastructure holds agricultural operations and promotes the growth of new companies, ensuring that the heritage Illinois agriculture continues Thriving (Texas Real Food)

The Importance of Agriculture in Illinois and its Impact Economic on Job Creation.

Agriculture is a​ cornerstone of the Illinois economy, helping to create jobs and playing a crucial role in national and global markets.​ The sector contributes around $51.1 billion in value-added services and supports numerous jobs in the State. Farmland​ covers an integral part of the Illinois landscape, with 76 % allocated to cropland. These agricultural land uses sustain the livelihoods of many​​ Illinois residents.

Role in National and Global Markets

Illinois is the largest soybean and corn producer in the United States, producing 15% of soybeans and 13% of corn. These figures underline Illinois’ pivotal role in global markets, exporting​ these products, facilitating trade, and strengthening the food system globally. The effectiveness of geography and​ State climate has allowed​​​ Illinois farmers to be critical contributors to production agriculture and meet global demands.

Climate, Soils, and Rivers of Illinois

Illinois is rich in fertile soils and a favorable climate for agricultural productivity. This land points to its status​ as an essential power agricultural, with a surface dedicated to agriculture. The success of Illinois agriculture is due to its rich black soil, a product of glacier deposits, and its climate, which is typically favorable. Its rich glacial floors, mainly prairie mollisols, are ideal for​ root growth and water retention.​​ Access to water​ from rivers such as Mississippi, Illinois, and Ohio benefits irrigation and​ transport.

Challenges Environmental

Illinois faces climate challenges, including meteorological extremes such as excess water and drought, which can​ prevent agricultural operations. The farmers are informed about the financial incentives to implement practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such as traditional assistance financial programs and approaches based on the market. This adaptability guarantees you can continue thriving despite Illinois’s environmental agriculture challenges. Furthermore, the adoption of practices that are agriculturally regenerative and climatically smart helps counteract soil erosion and improve water management.​​​​​

Critical Crops in Illinois Agriculture

Illinois is a significant player in the agricultural production industry, focusing primarily on cereals such as corn and soybeans. As the second largest producer of corn in the United States, Illinois contributes 13 % of the country’s corn supply. This domain reflects the floor richness of the State and favorable growth conditions, making it a key player in cereal markets.​ Soya, too, plays a vital role in the Illinois agricultural sector, being the leading state producer. The granaries of the State represent 15 % of the State’s soybean production, demonstrating the efficiency and scale of its soybean growing practices.

Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Protection​

Agriculture Sustainable Illinois aims to balance economic viability with environmental management by implementing practices that protect natural resources, use clean energy, and guarantee the longevity and health of agricultural systems. This includes soil conservation​​ through erosion methods, minimal or reduced, ground control​ through management strategies, ecological waste, and water quality protection​​​ through stream management. Innovation is encouraged​ in sustainable practices, such as soil conservation​ through reduced or minimal erosion, ground control​ through ecological waste management, and water quality​​ through stream management.

Fuel and Energies Renewable

Illinois leverages biomass and renewable fuel production, including​ bioenergy from waste​​ agriculture, helping to reduce the carbon footprint​ in agricultural activities. Furthermore, adopting solar panels and wind turbines on farms harnesses energy cleanly, reducing dependence on non-renewable energy sources and promoting​ sustainable agriculture practices. These practices contribute to the protection of natural resources and advance towards a future that is further agriculturally resilient and ecological.

Illinois Special Crops and Markets

Illinois, a leading producer of various crops, is characterized by fertile lands and a favorable climate. State agricultural markets​ are crucial in connecting​ consumers with local and organic products. Illinois is known for its crop production​ specialties, including fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and horticulture. Plants Alive​ Occupy is the first to produce pumpkin and horseradish in the USA. Other important growers include asparagus, cauliflower, broccoli, and peas. The market for these products contains fresh consumption and products such as preserves, sauces, and organic snacks.

Farmers Market

Illinois has a solid network of agricultural markets, the country’s third-largest part. These markets facilitate the connection between farm and table, showing the State’s commitment to local food movements. More than 300 farmers’ markets operate throughout the State, connecting local farming communities.​ Consumers can find various crops in Illinois specials, ensuring fresh local products. This direct marketing approach benefits both producers and​ consumers, promoting a more robust local economy more potent and increasing accessibility​ to options that are organic and healthy.

Education and Extension Services

Illinois’s education and services extension integrals​ are crucial in strengthening the State’s agricultural dexterity. Integrating knowledge, academics, and training practices ensures that communities have access to the latest research and development.
Illinois is a state leader in education agricultural, with a focus on educating the generation of current and future farmers.​ The University of Illinois is a critical institution that offers education in areas from basic agricultural practices to advanced ones. Operating under the University of Illinois Extension Services contributes significantly to community agriculture. With a staff of 37 educators and specialists in agriculture, provide training and continuing education for volunteers, such as Master Gardeners and Master Naturalists. Your efforts not only improve the performance of agriculture but also​ guarantee the conservation of the environment. The extension also participates actively in activities in the community, offering nutrition, wellness, and sustainability programs.​ Essential services include agricultural programs based on research, volunteer training and education, and outreach initiatives​ for the community.

Technology for disease and pest management

Illinois agriculture is​ advancing technology and tradition to optimize agricultural practices, improving disease and pest management efficiency.​ Drones are a​ comprehensive tool for farmers, as they provide aerial views that evaluate the health of the crops and monitor the growth patterns.​ Are technologies allowing decisions to be made without the need to carry out physical controls on the field? Fertilizer applications​​ in Illinois are experimenting with a transformation with tools that guarantee application fees, improve yields, and minimize waste and environmental impact.

Strategic Marketing for Farmers

Marketing is crucial for Illinois farmers, as it helps them capitalize on their efforts and avoid depending on only a source of income. They should participate in multiple marketing channels, such as sales direct to consumers, agricultural markets, or contracts with supermarkets and food processors. The choice of these channels depends on the type of product commercialized, existing different crop options​ basics, and product specials. In Illinois, cereal marketing strategies often involve contracts futures, sales in the market for contingencies, and price protection programs.​ With a record of income agricultural net in 2021, the farmers must understand market dynamics to maintain or improve profitability.​ Participating in market analysis platforms such as Farmdoc can provide knowledge and information about market trends and price predictions.

Support Government and Collaboration in Food Manufacturing​

The Illinois Department of Agriculture is critical in support of Illinois farmers, offering services such as orientation regulations, marketing assistance, education and promotion, and conservation programs. This collaborates with local farmers to ensure sustainable practices and facilitate access to local and international markets. The synergy between Illinois farms and food manufacturing companies is integral to the State’s economy. Illinois is known for its vast corn and soybean production, inputs essential for various processed foods. Food sales​​ processed benefit​ directly from the high crop​ quality cultivated in the State, reflecting the natural interconnection between agriculture and manufacturing.

United States Agricultural Trade

United States is the second largest trader in the ​ world after the European Union. During the last 25 years, exports and imports from America have increased significantly due to the growth of emerging economies and policy implementation, internal and external, that expand the United States’ access to foreign markets.​ The composition of Geopolitics and the supply of commercial products in the United States have also changed (USDA). The United States has seen its exports and imports increase significantly. Important in the last two and a half decades due to the growth of economies such as Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, and its policies internal and external that enable the entry of the United States into foreign markets. This situation has changed its​ foreign policy and how it offers its products.

Fig. 1

United States Food Importer

According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the United States led food imports and spent $ 86.6 billion in 2021, followed by Germany (44.3 billion ), the United Kingdom (34.2 billion ), France (30.9 billion ), and China (30.4 billion ).

Main Import Supplier Countries​ Agricultural Americans

Canada and the European Union are the two largest import suppliers​ of agricultural Americans, followed by Mexico. Canada also supplies cereals and meats. Canada and Mexico are the most significant agricultural product producers​ in the United States, accounting for 30,900 million and 25,500 million dollars, respectively, in 2017-21. The European Union is the second importer, with 28,000 million dollars in 2017-21. Mexico contributed 31 % of fruits, vegetables, and alcoholic beverages imported to the United States. The South, formed by Brazil, Peru, and Colombia, represented 15.6 billion dollars in imports from Americans between 2017 and 2021 (USDA).

The United States depends on imports to consume agricultural products of higher value, such as sweeteners, sugar processed, and sweets. These products have greater participation​ in consumption despite the competitiveness of production, availability seasonality, and preferences of​ consumers. America depends​ less on product imports​ and unprocessed basics, such as cereals, forage, livestock, and seed oilseeds. The total share of imports in consuming all the food and drinks is constant.

Fig. 2

Increase in Imports Agricultural Americans

According to the Department of Agriculture of the United States (USDA), during the last 25 years, the value of imports from agricultural Americans has increased constantly, driven mainly by the growing demand for a Variety of consumer-oriented products. Between 1997 and 2022, the total value of these Imports tripled, reaching​ 198,000 million dollars​ in 2022. The growing food demand​ has accelerated the import of products from horticultural crops, including fruits, vegetables, and drinks, representing about 15% of imports from agricultural Americans. The growing demand for various foods has also influenced the import of fruit, nuts, and vegetables.

 Fig. 3  Breakdown of US Import of High-Value Commodities, 1944-2022

During the last 25 years, the value of American agricultural imports has increased constantly, driven mainly by the growing demand for various consumer-oriented products. Between 1997 and 2022, the total value of these Imports tripled, reaching​ 198,000 million dollars​ in 2022. The increasing demand for food​ has accelerated the import of products from horticultural crops, including fruits, vegetables, and drinks, representing about 15% of the imports of agricultural Americans. The growing demand for various foods has also influenced the import of horticultural products.

Increase in Imports Americans for​ Consumption

The share of imports in consumption has increased in the last few years despite the diversification and​ food volume​ consumed internally. The share of imports in the Total consumption of food and beverages has tended to increase since it is more significant for products manufactured and non-manufactured. The products manufactured boosted the share of imports in the consumption growth between 2008 and 2012. Since 2013, non-manufactured products ( fruits and vegetables ) have been driven by import share​ in food consumption.​

Fig. 4   Average Share of Imports in U.S. Consumption, 2013-2022

Fresh Vegetable Suppliers to the United States

Between 2018 and 2021, the volume of fresh vegetable imports by part of the United States increased by -11.1%, reaching 8,552,016 tons metrics, while the value of these imports increased by 21.7%, reaching from 8,353 to 10,162 million dollars. In 2021, the ratio between imports and exports of fresh vegetables was 3.5 to 1, with 8,552,016 and 2,449,276 tons, respectively.

Main Suppliers

In 2021, the United States imported the most enormous fresh vegetables from Mexico, Canada, and Peru, representing 93.5 % of the total volume and 92.3 % of the total value. Mexico was the leading producer for its geographical location, representing 12.6 % of total imports. Canada contributed 15.3 % of vegetables imported, an increase of 4.4% compared to 2018. Peru, for others. On the other hand, it only contributed 3.2 % of the total, with a rise of 19.2% compared to 2018. Peru represented only 4.2 % of the total vegetables imported from Mexico. These countries represent the highest percentage of fresh vegetable imports in​ the United States, with Mexico being the largest producer ( ProducePay ). Mexico and Canada represent about 90% of U.S. fresh vegetable imports, expected to decrease in the following years. However, due to the water shortage problems​​ in California, the leading State agricultural, the margin of opportunity for other countries may be less. Despite this, 10 % of fresh vegetable imports remain​​ an excellent chance in terms of volume and value.

U.S. vs. China Commercial War Trade

March 2018: the former president of America, Donald Trump, started the industrial war between China and the United States. Imposed a fine of 50 million dollars for the Chinese products under the Trade Act of 1974, citing a history of practices of unfair practices, infringement of intellectual property, and transfer forced technology​ from America to China. In response, the Chinese government imposed fines on more than 128 products Americans, including soybeans, one of the main exports to China. Trump has been advocating by duty since 2018 to reduce the deficit trade in the United States and promote local manufacturing. While some economists and politicians maintain that the persistent deficit of commercial America is problematic, others maintain that the tariffs are neither a problem nor a solution. War​ commercials have negatively impacted both countries’ economies, with the United States increasing consumer prices and causing​ complications for​ farmers and manufacturers. Economic growth and manufacturing activity have been slower in China than in decades. According to the magazine El Grand Continent, in his article “China against the United States: The Eastern Front of the War. First part: the trade,” says the United States, like a superpower, has configured the order international post-World War II and has been the force driving force of the global economy. The United States has been immersed in fierce competition and conflict with powers emerging that challenge its international status. From More than 40 years of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union and the intensification of friction between Japan and the United States in the 1980s, U.S.-China relations have finally escalated to a severe conflict since 2018. The economic conflict between the United States and China is highly complex, with multiple aspects, including politics, economics, diplomacy, and​​ military affairs. The nature of the economic conflict between the United States and China differs mainly from the Cold War and the friction between Japan and the United States. During the Cold War, there was high competition​ in technology in the military and aerospace industries, and there was a long-term intersystemic relationship between capitalism and socialism.

In comparison, the United States and China have severe conflicts in three dimensions: commercial wars, high-friction​ technology, and intersystemic competition (The G.C.). The United States, like a superpower, has configured the international order post-World War II and has been the driving force of the global economy. Since the Cold War and the intensification of friction between Japan and the United States in the 1980s, relations between the United States and China have escalated to a severe conflict since 2018. The economic conflict between the United States and China is complex, including politics, economics, diplomacy, and military. In comparison, the United States and China have severe conflicts in three dimensions: commercial wars, high-friction​ technology, and intersystemic competition.

Present and Future of Agriculture in the US and China

According to Dr. Wendong Zhang, an economist at Iowa State University, in his article “Agriculture in the U.S. and China: Present and Future, “China and the U.S. have converted to the center of attention due to disputes high profile commercials. Dr. Zhang warns that this long-term relationship between the two countries could get further complicated in the next years, especially If the current tariff war persists ( qtd in Sfiligoj ). This means that the position trade that China and the United States have taken has been converted to the center of attention since this​ relationship could exacerbate in the last years, especially if the tariff war​ persists​ Zhang, at the meeting Mid America CropLife Association (MACA) annual event in Des Moines, IA, pointed out the key differences that exist at the moment in the realities agriculture between the U.S. and China. Many Chinese producers plant key crops, but According to Zhang, the returns of the crops in China are significantly lower than their counterparts​ in America. “Chinese corn yields are maybe two-thirds of those in the U.S.,” he said. “The soybean yield is approximately half, and the average Chinese farmer gets about 26 bushels per acre of soybeans compared to 48 bushels per acre in The USA.” According to Zhang, many factors currently work against ​ Chinese producers to achieve greater returns than their counterparts in America. This includes traditionally dealing with conditions that are further adverse in China ( particularly in the western part of the country ) and having less nutrient-rich soil for crops to grow.

How​ did rates and the Trade War against China hurt American Agriculture?

According to economist Alex Durante of the nonprofit Tax Foundation’s article ” How the tariffs and war commercial harm agriculture​ America, “China’s trade with the United States and politics in the agricultural United States have significantly shocked the agricultural prices and​​ food Americans. The tariffs, import taxes​ Americans, and the subsequent retaliation imposed on exports have shocked the agricultural American industry negatively and could affect production​ in the future. Tariffs​ generally increase the prices for​ consumers but also affect exports. Limitations on exports, such as Tariffs or export bans, often produce a glut of goods.​ If companies cannot sell their products at the level worldwide, they must sell more in the USA. However, if they invest in food production, their profits​ may be limited due to other policies and tariffs, which will generate higher prices in​ the long- term. China responded to the Trump administration by imposing ​ variable tariffs on exports from Americans to China, ranging from 0.5 to 25 percent hundred. China represents the export market to agricultural Americans, and some products, such as soybeans and pigs, faced tariffs. A Department of Agriculture study found that​ retaliatory tariffs​ reduced exports​ to agricultural Americans by $27 billion from mid-2018 to late 2019. Exporters of soybeans, sorghum, and pork, such as Iowa, Illinois, and Kansas, experienced the most significant losses (During). This means that the war in China’s trade with the United States and the politics of the United States have significantly shocked the prices and exports. Tariffs and retaliation have negatively shocked the agricultural American industry, causing consumer price increases and limited exports. Due to our policies, Iowa, Illinois, and Kansas exporters of soybeans, sorghum, and pork have experienced further losses. How China represents the export market to agricultural Americans, and the situation could affect production and​​ future prices.

The Future of Agriculture in the USA​

According to Federico Morixe, Consultant and graduate in Agricultural Management and Administration from the University of Belgrano (Argentina), in his post “The Trade War and Relations Agricultural between the United States, China, and Brazil . (2018-2025),” says Trump and Biden’s policies in their relationship with China share many aspects. To decrease the deficit trade and pressure China on unfair commercial practices, Trump imposed duties on Chinese goods. Biden has maintained numerous tariffs and continues exerting pressure on China, such as property rights​ , intellectual rights, and​ governmental subsidies. During the war commercial started by Trump in 2018, China imposed duties on agriculture products in the United States, which caused a significant decrease in purchases of soybeans, corn, and wheat from the United States by China. In response, China increased imports from Brazil and other countries in Latin America, which resulted in significant benefits for Brazil as the leading supplier of soybeans. Although Biden has maintained the tariffs, China has continued to depend on imports from Brazilian farmers and other​ countries, such as Latin America, to diversify its sources of supply and ensure food security ( Morixe ). That is, the policies of Trump and Biden commercials in their relationship with China share many aspects. Trump imposed duties on Chinese goods to decrease the deficit trade and pressure China to practice unfair. Biden has maintained tariffs and exerts pressure on China as property rights​ intellectual and​ governmental subsidies. China increased imports from Brazil and other​ countries in Latin America, benefiting Brazil as the leading supplier of soybeans.

Brazil has multiple​ benefits that allow you to obtain soybeans at prices far lower than those in other countries. The tropical and subtropical climates, the fertile floor, and extensive extensions of arable land create the conditions ideal for​ crops. Large-scale production, vertical integration of companies’ agriculture, and adoption of advanced technologies, such as genetically modified and practical agricultural efficient seeds, reduce production costs.​ Furthermore, Brazil’s competitiveness is seen to have improved due to low labor costs, the abundance of natural resources such as water and energy, and incentives from government and export policies​ . The best infrastructure and logistics, such as using roads and rivers and proximity to​ ports, also reduce costs.

 • War​ Trade between the United States and China has changed how agricultural trade works worldwide, benefiting Brazil.

• Brazil produces between 145 and 175 million tons, with a production capacity of 200 million. Export : 105: in grain form.

• China imports between 100 and 112 million tons.

• The U.S. produces between 96 and 135 million tons. Export: 45 million tons of grain.

Conclusion

The United States believed that establishing an economy of republicanism was essential to maintaining the virtue​ of citizens. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison promoted a Republic based on the ideals of agrarians. At the same time, Alexander Hamilton proposed strengthening the State’s role in the economy through a complex tax system and​ promotion of manufacturing and commerce. During President Lincoln’s administration, the USDA became a key player in politics, research, and development of agricultural Americans. California is the leading agricultural power in the country, attributing its benefit of your soil combination​ fertile, microclimates and practices innovative.

South Dakota is a heritage agricultural in the United States, with 29,000 farms and ranches spanning over 43 million acres. Idaho is the state leader in potato production, and Texas must diversify its income sources and adopt​ practices such as water conservation and organic agriculture to ensure long-term resilience. Illinois is the largest ethanol producer with over 90% of its land cultivated in the last decades.

The United States has experienced an increase in its exports and imports in the previous two and a half decades despite emerging economies like Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, which has led to internal and external changes in their policies. Competition, availability, and consumer preferences​​ have been factors to consider.

Brazil and Latin America could consolidate their position in the global agricultural market, benefiting from the war trade between the United States and China. In the end, will the United States remain a leader in world agricultural production and continue the ideals of rural as proposed by Thomas Jefferson or manufacturing and trade as proposed by Alexander Hamilton? Everything seems to indicate that it should follow the second proposal,

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Luis Henry Contreras Del Aguila
Food Industries Engineer Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva- Tingo Maria- Peru
Master in Agribusiness Administration ESAN University – Lima-Peru
Country Agribusiness CEO

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